“Written by Isaiah during the time of the kings and prophets of Judah (Kings – Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah—around 740-681 BC). [For a very brief history of Israel from Abraham to 586 BC see footnote ZZ]
Ministering in the southern kingdom, Judah, (before, during, and after the fall of the northern kingdom, Israel, to Assyria in 722 BC), Isaiah had two objectives: (1) to urge his countrymen to turn back to God—or face coming judgment for their sinful and idolatrous ways; (2) to comfort and encourage the people—after they had ignored his warnings—to trust in God’s sovereign faithfulness. Following judgment Isaiah announced, would come salvation and glory—embodied in a Messiah. Despite their dismal past, the people of God had a future.” [Source – From the introduction to Isaiah in the NKJV of the Bible.]
“Isaiah has been called the “fifth evangelist” because of his portrayal of the nature of God and His purpose in salvation. Others have referred to the book of Isaiah as “the fifth Gospel,” because the prophet so clearly predicts the Lord Jesus Christ’s virgin birth, character, life, death, resurrection, [A] and second coming.
The New Testament writers have 66 direct quotations of Isaiah. In addition, if NT passages with “allusions” to Isaiah are counted, the number of references is approximately 85. Twenty of the twenty-seven New Testament books refer in some way to Isaiah with 12 of those books utilizing direct quotations.
J Vernon McGee illustrates the comparison of Isaiah and the Bible in the following table…” [T2]
Isaiah |
Bible |
66 Chapters |
66 Books |
39 Chapters on LAW,
the Government of God |
39 Books
in the Old Testament |
27 Chapters on GRACE,
Salvation of God |
27 Books
in the New Testament |
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[Notes]: A- [1] For how to have peace with God and become a Disciple [Y] click here, [2] for how to have the peace of God and grow as a Disciple click here, and [3] for how to teach Disciples to be Disciple-makers click here;
T- Help from [1] Warren Wiersbe Bible Exposition Commentary or [2] Austin Commentaries by Book or [3] BibleHub Commentaries; [4] Blue Letter Bible; [5] John Phillips Exploring John; [6] Biblehub timelines; X- 4 steps in The H.E.A.R method of Bible study and worship; Y- “Disciples” or “Christians”?; Z- For the name, I normally use for the Lord Jesus Christ, click here;
ZZ- A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ISRAEL’S HISTORY to 586 BC [From this Source]
Abraham through Moses
“The history of Israel begins with Jehovah’s call to and covenant with Abraham, (Acts 7:2, 3, 4, Ge 12:1, 2, 3, 17:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), these covenant promises passed down through Isaac to Jacob (Ge 32:28, 35:10, 11, 12) from whom came the 12 tribes of Israel. The 12 tribes under the leadership of Moses were delivered by Jehovah (Acts 7:30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36) from the death angel by the blood of the Passover lamb (Ex 12:11, 21, 27, 50, 51) and from Egyptian bondage and Pharaoh’s pursuit – Ex 14:21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31). Jehovah then entered into a conditional covenant with Israel at Mt Sinai (Ex 19:5, 24:3, 7, 8). After 40 years of wilderness wandering (Acts 7:36), the first generation of Israelites (those who had been freed from Egypt) died off (Nu 14:32, 33, 34, 35) with the exception of Joshua and Caleb (Nu 14:36, 37, 38).
Joshua through The Judges
The second generation of Israelites crossed the Jordan into the promised land to capture and occupy their specific tribal territory under the leadership of Joshua (Josh 21:43, 44, 45, Ne 9:23, 24). After Joshua’s death, the dark days of the period of the judges followed, lasting some 300 plus years, during which every man did what was right in his own eyes because there was no king in Israel (Jdg 21:25–notes, Neh 9:26, 27, 28, 29). During this dark time Ruth the Moabitess married Boaz, the kinsmen-redeemer (Ru 3:9, 12, 13, 4:4, 5, 6 – see verse by verse commentary on Ruth), and gave birth to Obed the father of Jesse, the father of David (Ruth 4:21, 22).
The prophet Samuel through King Solomon
Toward the end of the period of Judges (see commentary on Judges – Verse by Verse) the prophet Samuel was raised up (1Sa 1:20, 21, 22, 28; 3:8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21) to call Israel back to her King (cp 1Sa 7:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). However, when the prophet Samuel had grown old, his sons did not walk in his ways (1Sa 8:2, 3) with the result that Israel began to cry out for a king like the other nations (1Sa 8:4, 5, 6, 19, 20). And so God gave them a king and allowed the 12 tribes (the United Kingdom) to be ruled for 40 years by King Saul, 40 years by King David and 40 years by King Solomon.
The Kingdom Split
In 931BC, God declared to King Solomon that He would tear the kingdom from him because of his idolatry, but would leave the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin under his son Rehoboam’s rule (1Ki 11:10, 11, 12, 13). And just as Jehovah had prophesied, the 12 tribes were divided at the end of Solomon’s reign, Jeroboam I (followed by 18 evil kings) being the first king of the north ruling over 10 tribes in the capital city of Samaria (1Ki 11:26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40). Rehoboam (followed by 11 evil and 8 godly kings) (1Ki 11:42, 43) became the first king of the south and he ruled in the capital city of Jerusalem over two tribes, Judah and Benjamin.
Ten Tribe Northern Kingdom known as Israel ended 722BC
The Northern Kingdom stood for 209 years until it was captured by Assyria and taken into exile in 722 BC (2Ki 17:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Why? 2Ki 17:7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19).
Two Tribe Southern Kingdom known as Judah ended 586BC
The Southern Kingdom failed to learn from Israel’s punishment by Jehovah after 345 years was taken into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC (Zedekiah the last king – 2Chr 36:11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, Why 70 years of exile in Babylon? 2Chr 36:21, Lv 25:4, 26:33, 34, 35). Note that there were 3 sieges of Jerusalem by Babylon – 605BC (Daniel and his friends taken, Jehoiakim king of Judah), 597BC (Ezekiel and 10,000 taken captive, Jehoiachin king of Judah) and 586BC (Jerusalem and the Holy Temple destroyed, Zedekiah king of Judah).” Source
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